How privatization of police and community policing have changed law Term Paper

How privatization of police and community policing have changed law enforcement - Term Paper Example With no rules to govern them, private police also become intrusive. In order to achieve law enforcement without compromising on right to security and without intrusions, extensive propagation of community police model can help. Many people consider law enforcement as synonymous with policing. In the late 20th century, the systems of law enforcement and crime control in many modern nations have undergone a paradigm shift. For many centuries, government employed police had the responsibility of enforcing law. Early 1980s saw the evolution of pluralized policing; apart from government employed police or public police, private security personnel, and communities started offering paid and voluntary police services, respectively (Bayley & Shearing, 1996). They have affected law enforcement to such an extent that many new definitions of the word police include these forms of police service as well. In order to understand how these systems have changed law enforcement, we shall consider the evolution of these systems, law enforcement in these systems, their limitations, and possible solutions. Private police or private security is not a new concept — since ancient times groups of mercenaries have been selling their services, be it as guards, as warriors, or as bounty hunters. Before World War II, this system had an unfavorable reputation, viewed as motley gangs of heavies hired either to spy or to use illegal force. Both civilians and the police considered them a "dangerous and unauthorized intrusion by private interests into a government preserve" (Bayley & Shearing, 1996). With increasing crime rates in the 20th century, overburdened police forces and the public began to consider them a necessity. Since 1980s, many governments have started to outsource to private security agencies (Bayley & Shearing, 1996). Today, private police outnumber public police in many nations, including in the United States. Community policing on the other hand is a

Regulatory Agency Paper Essay Example for Free

Regulatory Agency Paper Essay The Joint Commission (TJC) is the nations oldest and largest accrediting body in health care that sets the standards for quality care. It is a non-profit and independent organization that surveys and accredits more than 20,000 healthcare organizations in the United States. Joint Commission accreditation and certification is known to be the symbol of quality in an organization’s assurance in enduring certain performance standards. Organizations undergo an onsite survey by a survey team from The Joint Commission at least every three years to earn and maintain the gold seal of approval with the exception of laboratories. Laboratory accreditation by The Joint Commission is every two years. Structure The Joint Commission was founded in 1951 whose primary purpose was to provide voluntary accreditation for meeting established minimum quality standards. According to The Joint Commission, the standards of quality were reformed in 1970 to represent the highest achievable levels, instead of minimum necessary levels. This movement spearheaded the current form of survey where in a continuous quality improvement is promoted. TJC was used to be called the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO) back in 1987 and was recently changed to The Joint Commission (TJC) after changing its trademark in 2007. According to The Joint Commission, it has three additional affiliated bodies, each a separate corporate entity: 1.) The Joint Commission Resources, which publishes educational offerings and consultation materials, 2.) Joint Commission International, established to extend the offerings of The Joint Commission to foreign nations, and 3.) The Center for Transforming Healthcare, created for accredited organizations to provide continuous solutions and guidance. The Joint Commission’s Division of Accreditation and Certification Operations performs field operations, including surveyor Management Development, and scheduling of site visits (The Joint Commission, 2014). Effects on Health Care Numerous health care organizations are subjected to inspection and accreditation. Nursing homes, physician’s clinics, surgery centers, behavioral health facilities, hospitals, and home health care providers are subjected to surveys to earn an accredited status. Accreditation status is  crucial in any health care organization as it is an integral part of its individual state licensure. Once accreditation status is achieved, the facility is recognized as an organization that meets quality and is committed to meeting performance standards set by The Joint Commission. Subsequently, state licensure of a health care organization is much more difficult and impossible to achieve if the organization fails its inspection from TJC. State licensure is a required necessity to open any health care facility, without it, it cannot legally open its doors for business. It is important for health care organizations to educate and train its employees in promoting quality as it relates to customer satisfaction. Patient satisfaction is crucial in health care organization since Medicare reimbursement rate is dependent on its performance. Maintenance of a high score with Hospital Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems, also known as, HCAHPS should be considered a priority. It is crucial for the hospital leadership to recognize that poor-quality care can affect an organization’s outcome and failure to integrate risk management and quality efforts can lead to partial and ineffective results. Standards for leadership in TJC recognize three leadership groups: the governing body, the chief executive and other senior managers, and the leaders of the licensed independent practitioners. Code of Federal Register The Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) is a centralized system for the federal government to communicate up-to-date legislation from the executive department or the agencies of the federal government to the public. The Federal Register System has two major publications. One is the Federal Register and the second is the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR). â€Å"The Federal Register is published and issued every federal working day. Legislation is published first as a proposed rule followed by a comment period. The comment period is a time the public can give their input on the proposed rule. Once the rule is finalized, it becomes a legal document a minimum of 30 days after publication in the Federal Register. These final rules are then codified and published annually in the CFR. The Federal Register and the CFR must be used together to determine an up-to-date stipulation of a ruling† (Understanding the Code of Federal Regulations, 2014). CFR is divided into 50 titles that represe nt a wide area of subjects  relating to Federal regulations. Health care facilities belong to CFR 42 part 35. Duties As a part of CFR 42, The Joint Commission requires health care facilities to report sentinel events. In 1998, TJC started to require the reporting of one specific type of medical error or serious adverse event called sentinel event. It is critical for organizations to perform a root cause analysis of the event to identify the true underlying cause. This process focuses on the fact that most events are the result of system problems and are not cause for individual blame. Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) Conditions of Participation (CoP) are embedded within the TJC standards, along with additional standards covering patient safety and quality of care. The Joint Commission is an authorized accrediting organization by the CMS. A hospital accredited by TJC is deemed to meet all Medicare requirements for hospitals. However, there are special conditions for psychiatric hospitals that apply. Organizations involve in providing mental health care must have a separate TJC certification in addition to the main hospital accreditation. Successful accreditation is based on the facility’s ability to correct deficiencies so there is no downside to discovery of issues during the survey process. TJC Accreditation and Certification A multi-disciplinary inspection team spends at four days in the hospital, depending on the size of the facility. Standards that measure plant safety, medical staff, quality assurance, department services and the current processes of the hospital to improve the quality of its services are surveyed. The Governing Board has an active role in in the accreditation process. According to The Joint Commission organization, it wants to see methods and systems in place to ensure that the governing board has a supervision role in the credentialing of the medical staff, quality assurance and continuous improvements of the care provided by the hospital (The Joint Commission, 2014). The Joint Commission awards a three-year accreditation to hospitals that meet its standards. In some cases, it makes receiving accreditation part of meeting certain standards between surveys. If these standards are not met, it can result to a conditional accreditation or denial of accreditation. Hospitals that are accredited are automatically eligible to participate in the Medicare program. Accreditation or Medicare certification is required for participating in most managed care programs. The Joint Commission performs unannounced surveys, except for initial surveys. The hospital receives notification of inspection at 6 am on the day of survey. The purpose of every survey is to verify compliance with the defined standards. Health care organizations must abide by the standards defined according to the performance expectations and processes to deliver quality care. According to The Joint Commission, standards are not scored; rather, each standard contains subpart Elements of Performance (EP), which are scored on â€Å"satisfactory compliance† or â€Å"insufficient compliance† levels. EPs amount to specific actions, processes, or structures that must be fulfill ed to achieve the goal of a standard. It is the EP compliance score that forms the basis for an organization’s overall compliance with a specific standard (The Joint Commission, 2014). Surveyors will usually leave the premises of the facility after a survey if there are no immediate threats found to patient lives without taking any direct actions in the facility’s operations. The survey report with Requirements for Improvement or RFI will be published. The organization has forty five to sixty days to correct the RFI notations as Evidence of Standards Compliance. There has not been a case in health care accreditation survey wherein the organization received a perfect score. Most organizations receive at least three RFIs as The Joint Commission continues to promote the value of quality in their standards. Conclusion It is necessary that health care entities such as hospitals, clinics, long term care facilities, and other health care organizations enhance their efforts in the quality of services they provide by participating in various performance improvements tools and activities. In doing so, the mandates of the Federal government are met and as well as the standards of The Joint Commission. The Joint Commission accredited organizations have been proven to achieve and provide the highest level of performance and service to their patients. Health care organizations must adhere to the provisions in the rules and regulations of the Condition of Participation (CoP) mandated by  The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS). Preparation for a TJC survey is a challenging process as it requires an intensive assessment process of policies and procedures relative to the standards of care by The Joint Commission. To obtain accreditation, a healthcare organization must be proven in compliance wit h all the standards regulatory standards mandated by the State and Federal government. References Centers for Medicare Medicaid Services. (2014). CMS. Retrieved from http://www.cms.gov Federal Register. (2014). Code of Federal Regulations (CFR). Retrieved from http://www.archives.gov/federal-register/cfr/subject-title-42.html Greenfield, D. (2008, January 18). Health Sector Accreditation Research: A Systematic Review. International Quality in Health Care, 20(3), 172-183. doi:10.1093/intqhc/mzn005 The Joint Commission. (2014). Facts abou The Joint Commission. Retrieved from http://www.jointcommission.org Understanding The Code of Federal Regulations. (2014). Retrieved from http://www.grainger.com/content/qt-110-understanding-federal-regulations

The Defense of Henry Sweet :: Essays Papers

The Defense of Henry Sweet For this assignment, I found a speech that was given by a famous defense attorney named Clarence Darrow. This speech is his closing remarks to the all-white jury in defense of a black man named Henry Sweet. The trial took place in Detroit, Michigan in May of 1926. Henry Sweet was accused of first-degree murder. I chose this text for my paper because it had more persuasive techniques in it than anything else I came across. Which is to be expected, because after all, the whole purpose of the speech was to persuade the jury. One of the techniques that this speech has an abundance of is the use of purr words. Darrow referred to the jury numerous times as being the â€Å"kindly†, â€Å"decent†, and â€Å"most humane† people of the society. He referred to the jury selection process by saying, â€Å"it took us a week to find you, a week of culling out the prejudice and hatred. Probably we did not cull it all out at that, but we took the best and the fairest that we could find.† The question that immediately came to my mind when I read that was, â€Å"best† and â€Å"fairest† of what/who? There were many instances like these throughout the speech. Darrow also made use of labels in the same way. By saying to the jury that he believed they were fair, just, and unprejudiced, he was trying to program them to overlook the fact that the defendant was black, (which, of course, was a very big deal back then†¦especially to the all-white jury). Darrow said at one point, â€Å"†¦ you know that if white men had been fighting their way against colored men, nobody would have dreamed of prosecution. And that from the beginning of this case to the end†¦ the prosecution is based on race prejudice and nothing else.† He based his whole speech on prejudice (and an argument against it) and the labels that he gave the jury were just one of many ways he did this. Darrow also referred to Henry Sweet as a â€Å"boy† on numerous occasions. Sweet was a grown man, but by labeling him as a boy, it made him seem more innocent and faultless to his audience.

Nonviolent Offenders Essay -- essays research papers

Nonviolent Offenders – Is Incarceration the Answer?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   â€Å"It’s really clear that the most effective way to turn a nonviolent person into a violent one is to send them to prison,† says Harvard University criminologist James Gilligan. The American prison system takes nonviolent offenders and makes them live side-by-side with hardened killers. The very nature of prison, no matter people view it, produces an environment that is inevitably harmful to its residents. America locks up five times more of its' population than any other nation in the world. Due to prison overcrowding, prisoners are currently sleeping on floors, in tents, in converted broom closets and gymnasiums, or even in double or triple bunks in cells, which were designed for one inmate. Why is this happening? The U.S. Judicial System has become so succumbed to the ideal that Imprisonment is the most visibly form of punishment. The current structure of this system is failing terribly. To take people, strip them of their possessions and privacy, expose them to violence on a daily basis, restrict their quality of life to a 5x7ft cell, and deprive them of any meaning to live. This scenario is a standard form of punishment for violent offenders, although not suitable for nonviolent offenders. Today, almost 70% of all prisoners are serving time for nonviolent offenses. U.S. States are spending an average of $100 million per year on new prisons and all U.S. taxpayers front the bill for a system that is not working (Carson). Why should we force taxpayers to pay to keep nonviolent criminals sitting in prison cells where they become bitter, aggressive, and more likely to repeat their offenses when released? The answer is we shouldn’t, there are more reliable forms of punishment available, and rehabilitation and restitution are two alternatives I firmly believe are most effective than incarceration. Nonviolent criminals should be punished differently. This is because nonviolent criminals do not learn from the misery of being in cells with violent inmates. Drug offenders for example are a public health problem, not public safety problem, and nonviolent offenders can be properly educated. We offer convicts no opportunities to learn compassion or take responsibility for what they have done, nor make restitution or offer atonement to their victims in any practical ways. ... ...he certainty of restitution, by requiring monetary payment, takes the profit out of crime (Carson).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Most people have the common view that the criminal justice system’s increasing arrests and imprisonment is an effective strategy for reducing crime. If the judicial system makes greater distinction among violent and nonviolent crimes, the prisons will have the vacancies to incarcerate the Jeffery Dahmers of the world in prison for life. By providing alternatives to imprisonment for nonviolent offenders will reduce the burden of taxpayer’s dollars for added funding for construction of new prisons. I know as a College Student I would like to see increased State funding for education system rather than the millions allocated to the prison system of Pennsylvania. Prisons are not places where nonviolent offenders can serve time and then be released a better person, more fit for society. The prison environment is wrong, and as a result a nonviolent offender will leave unimproved. It is my belief that the alternatives of community control programs, rehabilitation programs, and restitution programs are the answers to the sentencing of nonviolent offenders.

Psychology of law

Even though psychological region is the primary cause of police-induced false confessions, individuals differ In their ability to withstand interrogation pressure and thus in their susceptibility to making false confessions. All other things being equal, those who are highly suggestible or compliant are more likely to confess falsely. Interrogative suggestibility tends to be heightened by sleep deprivation, fatigue, and drug or alcohol withdrawal. Individuals who are highly compliant tend to be conflict avoidance, acquiescent, and eager to please others, especially authority figures.With these coercive tactics, the police play on these weaknesses and pray on the Individuals. This is a problem even if the individual is in fact guilty but is much more of a problem when the individual is innocent and gives a false confession. Authorities. Researchers and the media have focused a growing awareness of incidences of coerced false confessions, as well as the associated personal and legal im plications involved. The Innocence Project, a non-profit legal clinic that assists those wrongfully convicted of crimes, claims that 8% of wrongful convictions are due o forced confessions prompted by police.Consequently, measures have been taken to try and reduce their frequency. There are many aspects in which coercive tactics are problematic but for the sake of this essay I will focus solely on its leading to false confessions. In the past two decades, hundreds of convicted prisoners have been exonerated by DNA and non-DNA evidence, revealing that police-induced false confessions are a leading cause of wrongful conviction of the innocent. Although the prevalence rate is unknown, recent analyses reveal that 20 to 25% of prisoners exonerated by DNA had confessed to police.In the Central Park Jogger case, for example, all five Juveniles falsely confessed after lengthy unrecorded Interrogations In which they were yelled at, lied to, threatened, and promised Immunity In exchange for t heir admissions to participating in the assault and rape. In 15 to 20 percent of the DNA cases, police-induced false confessions were the primary cause of the wrongful conviction. Once detectives misclassifying an innocent person as a guilty suspect, they often subject him to an customarily interrogation. Getting a confession becomes particularlyI OFF profile cases in which there is great pressure on police detectives to solve the crime, there is no other source of potential evidence to be discovered, and typically there is no credible evidence against an innocent but misclassified suspect. It is perhaps not surprising that most documented false confessions occur in homicides and high- profile cases. In these cases the police have the capability of being very coercive, which in turn can cause false confessions. Once the interrogation commences, the primary cause of police-induced false confession is psychologically coercive police ethos.Psychological coercion can be defined in two w ays: police use of interrogation techniques that are regarded as inherently coercive in psychology and law, or police use of interrogation techniques that, cumulatively, cause a suspect to perceive that he has no choice but to comply with the interrogators' demands. Usually these amount to the same thing. Psychologically coercive interrogation techniques include some examples, such as deprivations (of food, sleep, water, or access to bathroom facilities), incommunicado interrogation, and induction of extreme exhaustion and fatigue.In the modern era, however, these techniques are rare in domestic police interrogations. Instead, when today's police interrogators employ psychologically coercive techniques, they usually consist of (implicit or express) promises of leniency and threats of harsher treatment. As Offset and Leo have written, â€Å"the modern equivalent to the rubber hose is the indirect threat communicated through pragmatic implication†. Threats and promises can take a variety of forms, and they are usually repeated, developed, and elaborated over the ours of the interrogation.Most documented false confessions in recent decades have been directly caused by or have involved promises or threats. Another form of psychological coercion, causing a suspect to perceive that he has no choice but to comply with the wishes of the interrogator, is not specific to any one technique but may be the cumulative result of the interrogation methods as a whole. If one understands the psychological structure and logic of contemporary interrogation, it is not difficult to see how it can produce this effect.The custodial environment and hysterical confinement are intended to isolate and disembowel the suspect. Interrogation is designed to be stressful and unpleasant, and it is more stressful and unpleasant the more intense it becomes and the longer it lasts. Interrogation techniques are meant to cause the suspect to perceive that his guilt has been established beyon d any conceivable doubt, that no one will believe his claims of innocence, and that by continuing to deny the detectives' accusations he will only make his situation (and the ultimate outcome of the case against him) much worse.The suspect may perceive that he has no choice but to comply with the detectives' wishes, because he is fatigued, worn down, or simply sees no other way to escape an intolerably stressful experience. Some suspects come to believe that the only way they will be able to leave is if they do what the detectives say. Others comply because they are led to believe that it is the only way to avoid a feared outcome (e. G. , homosexual rape in prison). When a suspect perceives that he has no choice but to comply, his resultant compliance and confession are, by definition, involuntary and the product of coercion.

Complete List Which Colleges Require ACT Writing 100+ Schools

Complete List Which Colleges Require ACT Writing 100+ Schools SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips You’ve just signed up for the ACT. But did you know that there is an optional Writing test for the ACT?More importantly, do you know if your dream schools require or recommendthis ACT section? Check outour regularly updatedlist of schoolsto find out if the Writing ACT is worth your time and money. We'll then give you our top tips for acing the ACT Writing section. What Is the ACT Writing Test? The ACT Writing test is an optional essay test you can take immediately after the other sections of the ACT. It costs an additional $16.50 and 40 minutes of your time. It's available to take after the ACT on all seven national testing dates in the USA. Keep in mind when deciding to take it or not that you cannot just take the ACT Writing test on its own- you can only take it while suitably exhausted after taking all the other ACT sections! The writing test is meant to measure the writing skills you should have learned in your English classes throughout high school.It also claims to be a measure of how you might do in entry-level composition classes in college. So, what exactly is the test like? First, you'll be given a prompt that tells you about an issue. You will also be presented with three possible points of view on this topic. You then must write an essay on your point of view. You can either borrow and elaborate on one of the ones provided, or offer up a fourth viewpoint. (Sound tough?See this article for some top ACT Essay strategies.) Your ACT Writing score (which is scored on a scale of 2-12) is not part of your composite ACT score (out of 36), which consists only of your English, Math, Reading, and Science scores. Instead, your essay score is added to your English and Reading scores and then averaged to give you what is called an English Language Arts (ELA) score. Read our guide for a full breakdown ofhow the ACT is scored. Why Do Some Schools Require ACT Writing? You might be surprised to learn that not all schools require the ACT Writing test! In fact, in recent years many schools that previously required ACT Writing have opted to make the section optional or not even review it at all if students choose to take it. However, those schools that do require it think they have a pretty good reason to do so. These schools think that your essay score, combined with your English and Reading ACT scores, can help them understand your grasp of English and your ability to produce a sample of writing under pressure. This is quite a different skill compared to what they see when you submit your personal statement and other essays in your applications. They are assuming that those have been proofread by 50 of your closest friends and family members, and that they have been heavily edited and reviewed for hours on end. So while your personal statement is more like a heavily photoshopped selfie in flattering lighting, ACT Writingis more like a candid snapshot of your writing abilities. Specifically, these colleges want to get a better idea ofyour reasoning skills and your ability to defend a point of view.Can you write logically and coherently? Can you use proper sentence structure without Microsoft Word telling you what you've done wrong? The Writing Test is your chance to prove you have all these skills. Apart from your application, the combined English Language Arts score has another use for many schools. For example, colleges might use your score to help place you in different levels of English classes.So thiscould potentially save you the trouble of having to take a placement test once you arrive at college in the fall! What Kind of Colleges Require ACT Writing? Now then, what colleges actually require ACT Writing? The answer to this question might surprise you! Read on to learn which schools require the Writing section of the ACT- and which don't. Fact Check: Most Top Schools Don't Require ACT Writing Perhaps surprisingly, most top-ranked colleges and universities do notrequire ACT Writing. In recent years, many top schools, including Harvard, Yale, Princeton, Duke, Brown, and Stanford, have stopped requiring the ACT Writing test. Currently, none of the Ivy Leagues require ACT Writing. Many top public colleges, including the University of Michigan, and University of Texas,have also stopped requiring ACT Writing, althoughtheUC systemstill does require the ACT Writing section. Do Top Journalism, Humanities, and English ProgramsRequire ACT Writing? Some do, but there are quite afew notable exceptions to this.Pepperdine and George Washington University, which are known asgreat journalism schools, do not require ACT Writing (though the latter recommends it). Similarly, Georgetown and the College of the Holy Cross in Massachusetts offer great English degrees and do not require the ACT with Writing. Hamilton College in New York, Washington University in St. Louis, the University of Iowa, and Colorado College all have great writing programs and do not require the Writing ACT. Several well-known, smaller liberal arts colleges do not require (although they might recommend) the ACT with Writing; these include Amherst, Wellesley, Swarthmore,Bowdoin, Pomona, Haverford, and Davidson College. Finally, the University of Chicago is great all around for humanities and doesnot require it. Do Top Technical/Math/Science Schools Require ACT Writing? As you might expect,most of the top tech/math/science schools don't require the ACT Writing,including Caltech, MIT and the University of Michigan. Yes, tech schools also care about your writing ability. Why Should You Care About ACT Writing? Below, we've broken down by state and territory every college that either requires or recommends the ACT Plus Writing. Keep in mind that although you don't have to take the ACT with Writing, unless you want to apply to a college on the list below, you still have the option toif you wish. You can usually submit the Writing test to colleges even if they don't require it. By doing this, you allow them to consider your essayalong with the rest of your application. Some schools will treat ACT Writing as equally important to the other ACT sections, whereas others will give it less weight. But the bottom line is this:a strong Writing score will almost always help you out. If you opt to take the test and score well on it, it could be a great way to enhance your application and give you an edge! Fortunately, this is a real possibilitybecause just like every other part of the ACT, the essay can be taught so that you can excel on it. So if you're thinking of taking the ACT Plus Writing, either because you have to or because you just want that extra bright point in your application, it is definitely worth your time to study and practice so that you canmaster the ACT Essay. Another point: you might change your mind about what colleges you want to apply to, and that is another reason it's a good idea to take the ACT Plus Writing. If your plans change, you don't want to have to retake the whole ACT just because you didn't think ahead! Want to build the best possible college application? We can help. PrepScholar Admissions is the world's best admissions consulting service. We combine world-class admissions counselors with our data-driven, proprietary admissions strategies. We've overseen thousands of students get into their top choice schools, from state colleges to the Ivy League. We know what kinds of students colleges want to admit. We want to get you admitted to your dream schools. Learn more about PrepScholar Admissions to maximize your chance of getting in. Where are your dream schools on the list? Full List of Colleges That Require ACT Writing This comprehensive list of four-year universities is broken down by state. The first colleges in each section are those that require the Writing ACT; these are then followed by schools that recommend it. Recommend means that the college doesn't require it, but that scoring well on it will improve the strength of your application and help you reach equal footing with other applicants who do take it. To find your favorite schools, either scroll down to the state in which they're located or use ctrl+F to search for a specific school name. Keep in mind that school requirements frequently change (especially with the recent rise in test-optional admissions), so it's always a good idea to check with individual schools before you apply. All data comes from the official ACT, Inc. website. ALABAMA Recommended: Alabama AM University Alabama State University Auburn University Miles College Oakwood University Spring Hill College Troy University University of Alabama ALASKA Recommended: University of Alaska Fairbanks ARIZONA Recommended: Grand Canyon University University of Arizona Grand Canyon University, Arizona ARKANSAS Recommended: Crowley's Ridge College Hendrix College John Brown University CALIFORNIA Required: Chapman University Golden State Baptist College Scripps College Soka University of America UC Berkeley UC Davis UC Irvine UC Los Angeles UC Merced UC Riverside UC San Diego UC Santa Barbara UC Santa Cruz University of La Verne University of California at Berkeley Recommended: California Christian College California Lutheran University California Polytechnic State University- San Luis Obispo California State University- Bakersfield California State University - Northridge Cogswell Polytechnical College Columbia College Hollywood Dominican University of California Fashion Institute of Design Merchandising- Los Angeles Fashion Institute of Design Merchandising- San Francisco Fresno Pacific University Holy Names University New School of Architecture Design Oak Valley College Occidental College Point Loma Nazarene University Pomona College Providence Christian College San Diego Christian College Stanford University Thomas Aquinas College University of Northern California University of Redlands Westmont College Whittier College William Jessup University Pepperdine is one university thatneitherrequires nor recommends ACT Writing COLORADO Recommended: Art Institute of Colorado Colorado School of Mines Johnson Wales University- Denver Rocky Mountain College of Art Design University of Colorado- Colorado Springs CONNECTICUT Recommended: Lincoln College of New England New England Baptist College Post University Trinity College - Connecticut United States Coast Guard Academy University of Bridgeport University of Connecticut Yale University DELAWARE Required: Delaware State University Recommended: University of Delaware DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA Recommended: George Washington University Howard University Trinity (Washington) University University of the District of Columbia American University does NOTrequire the ACT Writing FLORIDA Required: Florida AM University Florida Atlantic University Florida International University Trinity Baptist College Recommended: Ave Maria University Bethune-Cookman University College of Central Florida Emmaus Baptist College Florida Baptist College - Tampa Florida College Hobe Sound Bible College Johnson Wales University- North Miami Keiser University- Pembroke Pines Naaleh College Palm Beach Atlantic University Reformation Bible College Rollins College Saint Leo University University of Tampa Webber International University Whitefield College Theological Seminary GEORGIA Required: Morris Brown College Recommended: Berry College Covenant College Fort Valley State University Morehouse College Oglethorpe University Toccoa Falls College University of West Georgia Emory University used to recommend ACT Writing but now does NOT HAWAII Required: University of Hawaii at Manoa Recommended: Hawaii Pacific University O.P. Jindal Global University IDAHO Recommended: Boise Bible College New Saint Andrews College ILLINOIS Required: Morthland College St. Joseph College Seminary VanderCook College of Music Recommended: Benedictine University Christian Life College Columbia College Chicago DanEL Christian College East-West University Eastern Illinois University Greenville College Lake Forest College Lincoln Christian University Loyola University of Chicago Methodist College of Nursing National Louis University Northern Illinois University Robert Morris University Southern Illinois University - Carbondale University of Illinois - Chicago View of the Loop from University of Illinois Chicago campus INDIANA Required: Fairhaven College Indiana University East Recommended: American Conservatory of Music Anderson University Art Institute of Indianapolis Crossroads Bible College Franklin College Holy Cross College Huntington University Indiana State University Indiana University Kokomo Indiana University Southeast Indiana University - Purdue University at Columbus Indiana Wesleyan University Purdue University Purdue University - North Central Taylor University Union Bible College University of Evansville University of Indianapolis University of Notre Dame University of Southern Indiana Valparaiso University Wabash College University of Notre Dame IOWA Recommended: Ashford University Divine Word College Faith Baptist Bible College Grand View University Iowa Wesleyan College Mercy College of Health Sciences Morningside College KANSAS Recommended: Barclay College Haskell Indian Nations University Kansas City College and Bible School McPherson College KENTUCKY Required: Louisville Bible College Simmons College of Kentucky Recommended: Campbellsville University Centre College Northern Kentucky University LOUISIANA Recommended: Louisiana State University AM - Baton Rouge Loyola University New Orleans Our Lady of the Lake College Tulane University World Evangelism Bible College Xavier University You never know where Mike the Tiger is going to show up at LSU(Derek Jensen/Flickr) MAINE Recommended: Colby College Husson University Maine Maritime Academy University of Maine at Fort Kent Universityof Maine University of New England University of Southern Maine MARYLAND Required: Washington Adventist University Recommended: Antietam Bible College Maryland Institute College of Art MASSACHUSETTS Harvard campus Recommended: Amherst College Bard College at Simon’s Rock Bay Path University Becker College Bridgewater State University Elms College Emerson College Endicott College Lesley University Massachusetts College of Pharmacology and Health Sciences Massachusetts Maritime Academy Mount Ida College Northpoint Bible College Regis College Simmons College UMass Amherst UMass Boston Wentworth Institute of Technology MICHIGAN Required: College for Creative Studies University of Michigan Recommended: Andrews University Baker College Online Baker College at Allen Park Central Michigan University Cleary University Compass College of Cinematic Arts Concordia University - Ann Arbor Cornerstone University Grace Baptist College Grace Bible College Grand Valley State University Great Lakes Christian College Madonna University Sacred Heart Major Seminary Spring Arbor University University of Michigan- Ann Arbor University of Michigan - Flint MINNESOTA Required: University of Minnesota- Rochester Recommended: Augsburg University Bethany Lutheran College Gustavus Adolphus College Hamline University Martin Luther College McNally Smith College of Music University of Minnesota - Morris University of Minnesota- Twin Cities University of Northwestern- St. Paul MISSISSIPPI None MISSOURI Required: Urshan College Recommended: Baptist Bible College College of the Ozarks Drury University Logan University Missouri Baptist University St. Louis Christian College Webster University William Jewell College MONTANA Required: University of Montana Western Recommended: Carroll College Montana State University- Bozeman Montana State University- Northern Montana Tech of the University of Montana University of Montana University of Providence Yellowstone Christian College University of Montana wins most dramatic campus location NEBRASKA Recommended: Saint Gregory the Great Seminary Summit Christian College Union College York College NEVADA Recommended: Art Institute of Las Vegas Western Nevada Community College NEW HAMPSHIRE Recommended: Keene State College New Hampshire Institute of Art Northeast Catholic College Plymouth State University Saint Anselm College NEW JERSEY Recommended: Caldwell University Centenary College Rider University Rutgers- State University of New Jersey Princeton used to require ACT Writing but now does not- lucky you! NEW MEXICO Recommended: University of the Southwest NEW YORK Required: CUNY- John Jay College of Criminal Justice Concordia College List College- Jewish Theological Seminary Molloy College SUNY College at Old Westbury SUNY Maritime College United States Military Academy (West Point) Recommended: Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences Bar-Ilan University Binghamton University- SUNY CUNY- Medgar Evers College Canisius College College of New Rochelle Cooper Union Culinary Institute of America Dominican College Farmingdale State College Globe Institute of Technology Hobart and William Smith Colleges Iona College King's College Mercy College Morrisville State College New York Institute of Technology Parsons The New School for Design Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI) Rochester Institute of Technology St. John’s University SUNY College at Buffalo Stony Brook University - SUNY Touro College University at Buffalo- SUNY Webb Institute of Naval Architecture Wells College NORTH CAROLINA Required: Elizabeth City State University Fayetteville State University North Carolina Central University Queens University of Charlotte University of North Carolina School of the Arts Western Carolina University Winston-Salem State University The chapel at Duke University Recommended: Barber-Scotia College Bennett College Brevard College Davidson College East Carolina University Grace Baptist Bible College Johnson Wales University- Charlotte Laurel University Mars Hill University North Carolina State University at Raleigh North Carolina Wesleyan College Salem College University of North Carolina at Pembroke NORTH DAKOTA Recommended: Dickinson State University Mayville State University Trinity Bible College OHIO Required: God’s Bible School and College Lake Erie College Recommended: Allegheny Wesleyan College Bowling Green State University Cedarville University Cleveland Institute of Music College of Wooster Columbus College of Art and Design Heidelberg University John Carroll University Kent State University- Salem Kent State University- Stark Kent State University- Trumbull Miami University- Middletown Mount St. Joseph University Ohio University- Athens Ohio Wesleyan University South University- Cleveland Tiffin University University of Rio Grande University of Toledo Urbana University Ursuline College Walsh University Wilberforce University OKLAHOMA Required: East Central University Recommended: Hillsdale Free Will Baptist College Oklahoma Wesleyan University Saint Gregory’s University Spartan School of Aeronautics I wonder if you can still send this in? OREGON Required: Portland State University Recommended: Corban University Oregon State University Western Oregon University Willamette University PENNSYLVANIA Required: Muhlenberg College University of the Sciences in Philadelphia York College of Pennsylvania Recommended: Bryn Athyn College Bryn Mawr College Central Penn College Cheyney University of Pennsylvania Delaware Valley University Elizabethtown College Gettysburg College Gwynedd Mercy University Holy Family University Lancaster Bible College Lehigh University Lock Haven University of Pennsylvania Lycoming College Messiah College Millersville University of Pennsylvania Rosemont College Saint Francis University Seton Hill University Shippensburg University of Pennsylvania Slippery Rock University of Pennsylvania Waynesburg University May Day at Bryn Mawr RHODE ISLAND Required: Rhode Island College Rhode Island School of Design Recommended: Johnson Wales University- Providence SOUTH CAROLINA Recommended: American College of the Building Arts Charleston Southern University Coastal Carolina University College of Charleston Furman University Lander University North Greenville University South Carolina State University Southern Methodist College University of South Carolina - Aiken Voorhees College SOUTH DAKOTA Recommended: Black Hills State University TENNESSEE Recommended: Bethel University Carson-Newman University Cumberland University Fisk University Lincoln MemorialUniversity Martin Methodist College Memphis College of Art Mid-South Christian College O'More College of Design Tennessee State University University of the South TEXAS Required: Hardin-Simmons University Paul Quinn College Southwest School of Art St. Edward’s University Stephen F. Austin State University Tarleton State University University of Dallas University of Mary Hardin-Baylor Welcome! Recommended: Abilene Christian University Arlington Baptist College Art Institute of Houston Austin College Dallas Christian College Huston-Tillotson University Jarvis Christian College McMurry University Messenger College Mexican American Catholic College North American College Schreiner University Southwestern Assemblies of God University Texas AM International University Texas AM University - Corpus Christi Texas College Texas Independent Baptist School Texas Southern University Texas State University University of Houston - Main Campus University of Houston- Victoria University of Incarnate Word University of North Texas University of Texas at San Antonio University of Texas at Tyler UTAH Recommended: Brigham Young University George Wythe University Neumont University Weber State University Westminster College VERMONT Recommended: College of Saint Joseph Johnson State College Middlebury College Saint Michael’s College University of Vermont Vermont Technical College VIRGINIA Recommended: Hartland College Hollins University Old Dominion University Radford University Randolph College Randolph-Macon College University of Mary Washington WASHINGTON Required: University of Washington Tacoma Recommended: Art Institute of Seattle DigiPen Institute of Technology Eastern Washington University Saint Martin’s University Seattle Pacific University Seattle University University of Washington (Seattle) University of Washington Bothell WEST VIRGINIA Required: West Virginia University West Virginia University Institute of Technology Recommended: Bluefield State College Very dramatic, West Virginia WISCONSIN Recommended: Cardinal StritchUniversity CarrollUniversity MarquetteUniversity Saint Norbert College Silver Lake College WYOMING Recommended: Wyoming Catholic College VIRGIN ISLANDS Recommended: University of the Virgin Islands What’s Next? Now that you know whether you need to take ACT Writing, make sure you do well on it. Learn the prompts that ACT Writing tests, 15 strategies to improve your ACT Writing score, and how to get a 12 on the essay. Ready to work for a killer ACT English Language Arts Score? Make sure to remind yourself of what’s actually tested on ACT English and ACT Reading. For top strategies for scoring a 36 on ACT English, check out this article. Don’t forget the rest of the test- here are tips for getting a perfect ACT score, by a 36 full scorer. Want to improve your ACT score by 4 points? Check out our best-in-class online ACT prep program. We guarantee your money back if you don't improve your ACT score by 4 points or more. Our program is entirely online, and it customizes your prep program to your strengths and weaknesses. We also have expert instructors who can grade every one of your practice ACT essays, giving feedback on how to improve your score. Check out our 5-day free trial:

Study Guide for Man and Superman

Study Guide for Man and Superman Arguably George Bernard Shaw’s most profound play, Man and Superman, blends social satire with a fascinating philosophy. Today, the comedy continues to make readers and audiences laugh and think - sometimes simultaneously. Man and Superman tells the story of two rivals: John Tanner (a wealthy, politically-minded intellectual who values his freedom) and Ann Whitefield (a charming, scheming hypocritical young woman who wants Tanner as a husband). Once Tanner realizes that Miss Whitefield is hunting for a spouse (and that he is the only target), he attempts to flee, only to find out that his attraction to Ann is too overwhelming to escape. Re-inventing Don Juan Although many of Shaw’s plays were financial successes, not all of the critics admired his work. While many reviewers were intrigued by Shaw’s ideas, they did not appreciate his lengthy scenes of dialogue with little-to-no conflict. One such critic, Arthur Bingham Walkley once said that Shaw is â€Å"no dramatist at all.† In the late 1800s, Walkley suggested that Shaw should write a Don Juan play. Beginning in 1901, Shaw accepted the challenge; in fact, he wrote an extensive albeit sarcastic dedication to Walkley, thanking him for the inspiration. In the preface of Man and Superman, Shaw discusses the way Don Juan has been portrayed in other works, such as Mozart’s opera or Lord Byron’s poetry. Traditionally, Don Juan is a pursuer of women, an adulterer, and an unrepentant scoundrel. At the end of Mozart’s Don Giovanni, Don Juan is dragged to Hell, leaving Shaw to wonder: What happened to Don Juan’s soul? Man and Superman provides an answer to that question. The spirit of Don Juan lives on in the form of Juan’s distant-descendant John Tanner. Instead of a pursuer of women, Tanner is a pursuer of truth. Instead of an adulterer, Tanner is a revolutionary. Instead of a scoundrel, Tanner defies social norms and old-fashioned traditions in hopes of leading the way to a better world. Yet, the theme of seduction - typical in all incarnations of Don Juan stories - is still present. Through each act of the play, the female lead, Ann Whitefield, aggressively pursues her prey. Below is a brief summary of the play. Man and Superman - Act One Ann Whitefield’s father has passed away. Mr. Whitefield’s will indicate that his daughter’s guardians shall be two gentlemen: Roebuck Ramsden: The steadfast (and rather old-fashioned) friend of the family.John Tanner: A controversial author and â€Å"Member of the Idle Rich Class† The problem: Ramsden cannot stand Tanner’s morals, and Tanner cannot stand the idea of being Ann’s guardian. To complicate things, Tanner’s friend Octavius â€Å"Tavy† Robinson is head over heels in love with An. He hopes that the new guardianship will improve his chances of winning her heart. Ann flirts harmlessly whenever she is around Tavy. However, when she is alone with John Tanner (AKA â€Å"Jack†) her intentions become obvious to the audience. She wants Tanner. Whether she wants him because she loves him, or because she is infatuated with him, or merely because desires his wealth and status is entirely up to the viewer’s opinion. When Tavy’s sister Violet enters, a romantic subplot is introduced. Rumor has it that Violet is pregnant and unmarried. Ramsden and Octavius are outraged and ashamed. Tanner congratulates Violet. He believes that she is simply following life’s natural impulses, and he approves the instinctive way Violet has pursued her goals despite society’s expectations. Violet can tolerate the moral objections of her friends and family. She cannot, however, abide Tanner’s praise. She admits that she is legally married, but that the identity of her groom must remain secret. Act One of Man and Superman concludes with Ramsden and the others apologizing. Jack Tanner is disappointed; he wrongly thought that Violet has shared his moral/philosophical outlook. Instead, realizes the bulk of society is not ready to challenge traditional institutions such as marriage. The Last Line of Act One Tanner: You must cower before the wedding ring like the rest of us, Ramsden. The cup of our ignominy is full.

Femenism Essays

Femenism Essays Femenism Essay Femenism Essay Is a very strong component In the three short stories that were studied In class. The stories consisted of The Story of an Hour, The Yellow Wallpaper and The Vanishing Princess. All of the stories possessed a female protagonist who was somewhat dominated by a male figure. Even though the female characters have completely different backgrounds, they all seemed to be in similar situations. To understand the nature of the stories we must look at them under a feminist perspective. This allows us to see the negative affect that that the men had on the omen in the story. In every story there was a man who degraded the female protagonist and even though they were done is different ways, it resulted in the female mentally, or physically disappearing. In The Story of an Hour the female protagonist Mrs.. Louise Mallard was a normally married woman when she was told about her husbands death and started to feel different emotions then she expected. She said It over and over under her breath: free, free, free! She felt little to no sorrow, but rather had an Insurmountable feeling of freedom and prosperity. : She legalized that throughout her marriage she had been Limited and confined, but It was not by her husband directly. She felt that she was confined to the marriage, and that being married to someone limited her soul and her wellbeing. There would be no one to live for during the next coming years, she would live for herself. With the Joy and excitement that came with this realization, she was looking forward to her next chapter in her life when the husband showed up on her front door and everything she wanted out of life vanished into thin air. The moment ended up being too much or her already weakened heart, so she passed away in result of heart failure. In The Vanishing Princess the Protagonist Is a princess who doesnt have any human traits like e. G. Eating, or time keeping. So throughout the story, the male soldiers who pass by end up putting their Ideas of women and how they should be on the princess until she finally doesnt recognize herself and she ends up questioning her identity along with her existence until she ultimately disappears. The main difference between the two characters is that the princess in getting imprisoned by the male ideology in the rising action, while Mrs.. Mallard is getting free. The major similarities in the characters are that they both are being changed by the men or their relationship to them until they can no longer bear it and end up disappearing. In the story The Yellow Wallpaper our female protagonist is being put down and degraded by the two male characters. Both characters are close to her and they both have a higher position in authority. She Is mentally Ill and her husband and brother who happen to be doctors are trying to cure her. And I know John would think It absurd. But I must say what I feel and think In some way. Throughout the story she Is trying to share her Ideas on how to cure herself, but by being a female In a male-immolated world ten men put tenet Ideas AT now a woman snouts Olsten Ana follow a mans lead he (the husband) is very careful and loving, he hardly lets me stir without special directions. She is constantly ignored until she ultimately loses her sanity completely and ends up possibly killing one of her doctors. The main difference in the characters is that they all ended up disappearing in their own way after being confined in the male dominated society. This showed that they were not pappy with the way they were being treated so they escaped in in whichever way they could. The similarities in between the characters is that they were all under the domination of a male figure and they all ended up failing to cope with confinement that came with being degraded as a female. Every woman did what they could to find their way out. In conclusion the three stories that we discussed, all three female protagonists were confined to a male dominated society and they each found their way out of it. Each character had a different setting and back story, but they all went wrought the same degraded and limited lifestyle. Mrs.. Mallard was limited in what she felt she could do in her life because of her marriage.

Modernist Art - A New Approach in Theatre Essay

Modernist Art - A New Approach in Theatre - Essay Example The essay "Modernist Art - A New Approach in Theatre" focuses on modern era and art. Modernity can be understood as a conceptual framework of individual expression at the same time that it can be considered a reflection of society as a whole. This suggests that it is comprised of intellectual ideas as well as by the development of new processes, techniques and materials. Modernity has been described as the â€Å"dialectical relationship ... which modernism consciously or unconsciously, directly or indirectly, positively or negatively reflects the effects of capitalist development.† The modernist ideology is thus revealed to have a number of different contexts bound together and interacting with our social understandings contributing to our intuitive and overt sense and understanding of the world around us. With the arrival of modernism, the realism and humanism of earlier periods melts away as performing artists focus more upon style, technique and spatial form in an attempt t o find a deeper expression of human experience, such as is seen in the ‘radical theatre’ approach taken by Peter Brook. The use of the word ‘radical’ in modern is deliberate when it comes to Brook’s theater. The Cambridge Advanced Learner’s Dictionary defines the adjective as â€Å"believing or expressing the belief that there should be great or extreme social or political change† and the noun in terms of â€Å"a person who supports great social and political change.† Toni Sant claims â€Å"radical theatre aims to make extreme changes...".

How does globalization affect women Research Paper

How does globalization affect women - Research Paper Example The end of the Cold WÐ °r Ð °nd developments in finÐ °nce Ð °nd technology combined to quÐ °litÐ °tively chÐ °nge the gÐ °me during the pÐ °st ten yeÐ °rs. The fÐ °ilure of Soviet communism becÐ °me the triumph of free mÐ °rket democrÐ °cy, Ð °s formerly closed mÐ °rkets opened Ð °nd cÐ °pitÐ °l poured in Ð °t Ð ° previously unimÐ °ginÐ °ble rÐ °te. In Ð °ddition, the election of President Clinton in 1992 put Ð ° free mÐ °rket enthusiÐ °st in the White House. The world hÐ °s never seen Ð °nything like the flow of cÐ °pitÐ °l during the eight yeÐ °rs of his presidency. GlobÐ °lizÐ °tion hÐ °s drÐ °mÐ °ticÐ °lly increÐ °sed world income, but it hÐ °s Ð °lso increÐ °sed the polÐ °rizÐ °tion between the "hÐ °ves" Ð °nd "hÐ °ve-nots." This is pÐ °rt of Ð ° longer term trend, beginning Ð °fter World WÐ °r II. In other words, mÐ °rkets Ð °re soÐ °ring to new highs Ð °nd plunging to new lows, bouncing from one to the other fÐ °ster--Ð °nd less predictÐ °bly--thÐ °n ever before, Ð °nd drÐ °gging others with them, sometimes with ruinous consequences. Ð s free trÐ °de hÐ °s been extended to smÐ °ller countries with less regulÐ °tory infrÐ °structure Ð °nd experience with cÐ °pitÐ °l, this unprecedented cÐ °pitÐ °l flow often hÐ °s wound up in incompetent Ð °nd unsupervised hÐ °nds. In 1996, for exÐ °mple, the ThÐ °i Minister of Justice Ð °ccused his fellow cÐ °binet members of tÐ °king $90 million in bribes for bÐ °nk licenses. In Ð °ddition to widespreÐ °d corruption Ð °nd cronyism, wild investment schemes Ð °nd Ð ° shÐ °ky economy contributed to the 1997 collÐ °pse of the ThÐ °i bÐ °ht. But there were contributing fÐ °ctors outside of ThÐ °ilÐ °nd Ð °nd beyond ThÐ °i control. ... In ddition, the election of President Clinton in 1992 put free mrket enthusist in the White House. The world hs never seen nything like the flow of cpitl during the eight yers of his presidency. Globliztion hs drmticlly incresed world income, but it hs lso incresed the polriztion between the "hves" nd "hve-nots." This is prt of longer term trend, beginning fter World Wr II. In other words, mrkets re soring to new highs nd plunging to new lows, bouncing from one to the other fster--nd less predictbly--thn ever before, nd drgging others with them, sometimes with ruinous consequences. s free trde hs been extended to smller countries with less regultory infrstructure nd experience with cpitl, this unprecedented cpitl flow often hs wound up in incompetent nd unsupervised hnds. In 1996, for exmple, the Thi Minister of Justice ccused his fellow cbinet members of tking $90 million in bribes for bnk licenses. In ddition to widespred corruption nd cronyism, wild investment schemes nd shky economy contributed to the 1997 collpse of the Thi bht. But there were contributing fctors outside of Thilnd nd beyond Thi control. Finncil institutions plyed criticl role through unrestrined specultion nd hedge funds. The G7, the seven mjor industrilized sttes, remined oblivious to the looming disster--despite Jpn's wrning--nd filed to ddress the emergency when it becme impossi ble to ignore. 2. Culture It is not just dollrs tht re flowing freely round the world, but Western culture --constitutionlism nd Coc Col, free mrket ideology nd Bruce Willis. Every stte hs hd tste of relentless, technology-enhnced consumerism, free mrket democrcy promoted by dvertising so cretive, so well done, tht no culture is

Manuel Castells perspectives on the challenges of the network society Essay

Manuel Castells perspectives on the challenges of the network society - Essay Example This paper is a response to the final chapter of Manuel Castells’ work The Internet Galaxy. It will provide an overview of the author’s perspective on the challenges imposed by the network society and Castells’ judgment will be analyzed by comparing with other scholarly sources on the same topic. Manuel Castells has no qualms in admitting the fact that the network society â€Å"offers as many opportunities as it raises challenges† (2001, p.275). In his opinion the beneficial aspect of this network society were features like innovation and freedom of thinking that it encouraged but these were gradually overtaken by oppressive and restrictive ways. Instead of encouraging freedom of expression, it provides the means of controlling information as well as prompts the biased and monopolized use of the data (2001, p.277). This is an honest take from the author regarding the potential and somewhat long-term aftereffects of network society. Chris Kitchen argues by assuring that the most incredible fruit of network society â€Å"is the role of social media in the recent social movements and uprisings, particularly the momentous events of 2011 starting in North Africa and the Middle East† (2012). From this perspective rapid information sharing and globalization that is primarily regulated by information technology has induced awareness among people regarding their human, civil and political rights. On the contrary, Luke Tredinnick disagrees by providing the example of the democracy protests in Buran during 2007.

Legal compliance and negotiations skills Assignment - 3

Legal compliance and negotiations skills - Assignment Example Settlement may significantly affect the tax liability of the plaintiff hence its disadvantage. It is also worth noting the potential of the defendant playing hard ball. This may compromise the agreement and provoke further misunderstanding. Besides, it still involves a lawyer who has to be paid hence partial gain from the compensation accrued to the plaintiff. The mediator is always non-partisan and likely to work on acceptable socio-economic and political principles to facilitate mutual understanding between the parties to the dispute. Besides, mediation involves in-depth understanding of underlying factors that may have led to the dispute and make effort to negotiate in respect of the same (Guasco & Robinson, 2007). In that regard, it facilitates truth justice and reconciliation for sustained peace. It is also worth to consider mediation due to its independence from the politics of majority influence hence emphasizes truth and honesty. Despite the overriding preference of mediation in conflict resolution, it lacks judicial support and either of the party may easily opt out thereby stalling the reconciliation process. The mediation team is not secured by the law but acts on voluntary basis and this gives the parties to the dispute leverage to determine their own interest. Mediation is time consuming as it relies on mutual consensus between the parties which may take time to achieve hence prolonged resolution period. This is a dispute resolution tactic that is applicable in the event couples fail to reach agreement through other options like mediation or negotiation and are still interested in out of court settlement. It has advantage in the sense that one can choose an arbitrator in line with the personal lawyer’s recommendation. This will offer the best outcome and deliver quasi-legal ruling. It also saves time by setting strict arbitration process deadline (Guasco & Robinson, 2007). This is made

Australian Industrial relations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Australian Industrial relations - Essay Example However, industrial relation examines several employment situations. This essay will describe three major approaches or perspectives of industrial relations like unitarism, pluralism and radicalism. Unitarism highlights the organization as the rational team united by several common purposes. On the other hand, pluralism observes the organization as the amalgamation of various homogeneous groups within different kinds of dynamic equilibrium (Wilton, 2013). Lastly, radical perspective depends upon the class conflict and class analysis in a particular society. Several authors have stated that an organization is perceived as the harmonious and integrated corporation under the unitarism perspective. In Unitarism, the management and employees work collaboratively for a common purpose. In terms of Australian industry relation, majority of the industries follow paternalistic approach in under the unitarism perspective. This approach demands the loyalty of all the employees. Consequently, several trade unions are believed as unnecessary as the loyalty between the organizations and employees are measured mutually exclusive. In this situation, both these parties cannot be considered as the two separate sides of the industry. In unitarism, conflict is generally perceived as the pathological and disruptive result of interpersonal functions, communication breakdown and agitators. In pluralism perspective, the organizations generally perceived as being made up of divergent and powerful sub-groups (Lucas, 2004). All of these groups have own legitimate loyalties. Moreover, they individually set their objectives and select leaders. Particularly, management and trade unions are considered as the predominant sub-groups. In this pluralism perspective, the management of the organization does not heavily focus on the controlling and enforcing. The management try to focus on the co-ordination and persuasion. Trade unions are

Legal compliance and negotiations skills Assignment - 3

Legal compliance and negotiations skills - Assignment Example Settlement may significantly affect the tax liability of the plaintiff hence its disadvantage. It is also worth noting the potential of the defendant playing hard ball. This may compromise the agreement and provoke further misunderstanding. Besides, it still involves a lawyer who has to be paid hence partial gain from the compensation accrued to the plaintiff. The mediator is always non-partisan and likely to work on acceptable socio-economic and political principles to facilitate mutual understanding between the parties to the dispute. Besides, mediation involves in-depth understanding of underlying factors that may have led to the dispute and make effort to negotiate in respect of the same (Guasco & Robinson, 2007). In that regard, it facilitates truth justice and reconciliation for sustained peace. It is also worth to consider mediation due to its independence from the politics of majority influence hence emphasizes truth and honesty. Despite the overriding preference of mediation in conflict resolution, it lacks judicial support and either of the party may easily opt out thereby stalling the reconciliation process. The mediation team is not secured by the law but acts on voluntary basis and this gives the parties to the dispute leverage to determine their own interest. Mediation is time consuming as it relies on mutual consensus between the parties which may take time to achieve hence prolonged resolution period. This is a dispute resolution tactic that is applicable in the event couples fail to reach agreement through other options like mediation or negotiation and are still interested in out of court settlement. It has advantage in the sense that one can choose an arbitrator in line with the personal lawyer’s recommendation. This will offer the best outcome and deliver quasi-legal ruling. It also saves time by setting strict arbitration process deadline (Guasco & Robinson, 2007). This is made

Three Issues for Graduate Nurse Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Three Issues for Graduate Nurse - Essay Example In other words it is the relationship that exists pertaining to doctors and nurses, regarding the method, nature and level of communication between them. However, not all nurses possess the appropriate qualities of communication. Interprofessional communication issue is brought about by lack of good communication skills between the nurses and doctors, which eventually results in violence, hostility and/or sexual harassment (Raising the SBAR, 42). The effect that results in these circumstances results in mainly inefficiencies in the provision of healthcare to the public. In the forum, there was emphasis put predominantly on the issue of interprofessional communication. Many nurses face the rage of uncouth supervision, which ends in the detriment of many in the nursing profession, engraving a bad reputation to the nursing industry leading to repulsion of many new entrants into the nursing profession. Other issues arising in this discussion concerning the hurdle of inter-professional co mmunication were the use of abusive language between doctors and nurses, discrimination due to professional standards, sexual harassment and sometimes harshness (Dorschner, 43, 2010). According to Raising the SBAR (41) the president of American Nurses Association of California put forward possible remedies that could aid in reformation of the nursing sector. He urged those in the nursing industry to pick a leaf from their counterparts in other professions and endeavor towards a coherent relationship in the workplace. Some departments in the health profession have been known to encourage a favorable environment for their workers and patients: mental disability departments, analgesic care and hospices. This has been influenced primarily by the rise in awareness campaigns towards teaching graduates on the need for holding proper communication skills. Personally, enhanced interprofessional communication will assist me to easily get used to the new working environment. This will be attri buted to the efficient communication with my colleagues who will be on different professional levels. Task 2: Relevance to a Graduate Nurse The reason for my entry into the healthcare industry is that I hold a personal interest to render a helping hand to the less fortunate, the sick and the elderly. I however have a challenge of expressing myself especially in times of crisis. Currently, many learning institutions are trying to bridge the gap by providing extra education course units to be covered which include linguistic course units. The relationship evident between the doctors and nurses and between the nurses directly attributes to the numbers of patients that show up at the health facilities (Fero, Witsberger, Wesmiller, Zullo &, Hoffman, 142, 2009). For those institutions that do not hold these privileges, it is important that graduates take a step and strive to curb the language barrier, as it will also make it easier for them to fit in the professional registered nurse fiel d. Emphasis was put particularly on the issues that arise regarding inter-professional communication. Due to the rise in the number of graduate nurses in the field, some limelight has been shed on the issue of inter-professional communication and many nurses and doctors have taken up the ideology that many other fields of professions employ. There is a sense of hope that reforms will take

Hunting alleged Nazi war criminals Essay Example for Free

Hunting alleged Nazi war criminals Essay I cant say if hunting Nazi war criminals is worth it, but I can give my opinion and it is up to you to make up your own mind. By the end of reading this, you should have come to some conclusion. I believe it is not worth hunting alleged Nazi war criminals, anymore. I think that spending tens of millions of pounds, and all the time and effort that goes into it now is worthless now. If they had have done it ten or fifteen years after the war had ended then they would have had much more success. The reason I think it is worthless now is because almost all evidence will have been destroyed after the war ended, and any war criminals from World War II would have done their best to completely hide their background and any evidence they have that they committed war crimes. Also victims that survived concentration camps will not be able to identify a man with absolute certainty that he was the same man that put people to death around fifty years ago, mainly for the simple reason that it was so long ago. Also witnesses may want to blame someone, so they blame the suspect in question, or they want it to be that suspect so much that they believe it was him. Also lots of witnesses are now dead, and the ones who are still alive may have something wrong with them that they cant remember the face or voice of the man who put their friends and family to death. I also think that if they do catch a suspected Nazi war criminal, then he may have something mentally wrong with him. Due to old age the accused might not be able to remember anything, so it would be an unfair trial, because he doesnt have an alibi with which to prove he was not a Nazi war criminal. A suspect may be too old or ill to go to court also, a suspect when found could be dying in their bed with only a few weeks to live and so they would never be able to stand a court trial anyway. These are the main reasons I believe that spending all the time, money and effort is not worth it. I believe it is too late and the suspects will be dying by the time they are found, an example of this is seen in a case where a man called Szymon Serafinowicz, who was accused of being a nazi war criminal. In this case the jury saw Serafinowicz to be unfit to plead to charges of war crimes, because he had dementure, so he couldnt remember anything about where he was at certain times of the war, or what he was doing meaning he wouldnt have an alibi with which to protect himself so the case would have been totally unfair. After being freed he died about 18 months later, so even if he had have been convicted he would have only spent a few months in jail, and would have probably been let out after a couple of weeks to be admitted into hospital. There was no case for this man who was suspected of being in command of police officers who ordered Jews to lay face down in the snow and where then shot, hit childrens heads against tomb stones to kill them, order Jewish families to line up and then shoot them, and he himself was accused of shooting a woman with a child who was running away. In total he was accused ordering 3000 Jews to be killed. If a man like this cant even get a trial then, let alone being convicted is it really likely that another man will get convicted. In another case, the Demjanjuk trial he was convicted of being Ivan the terrible a guard at Treblinka and was accused of putting thousands to death, and torturing some people for the fun of it. He was sentenced to death by hanging, but got released after appealing. The judges decided there was not enough evidence to convict him after all. Five witnesses said under oath that they were certain that Demjajuk was Ivan the terrible, also he couldnt remember where he was or what he was doing at certain times in the war, and it sounded like he was trying to pretend he was at certain places at certain times. It appeared only five outgo twenty survives thought Demjanjuk was Ivan the terrible, and these were the witnesses used in court. If fifteen say it wasnt him and only five say it was him, the chances are that it was not him, even though five witnesses were sure of it, this proves that eye witnesses can not be totally relied upon to identify a man they saw about fifty years ago. This proves to me that it is not worth the bother and money of hunting them down anymore, but if you are not convinced yet I will talk about another trial, the Papon case. The jury heard that Papon should be freed during the trial, because of his advanced age and his medical condition (he suffered from angina). It was heard that even if he were found guilty he would not have to spend another night in jail. He died a few months later, so if he had have been convicted he was still be able to be free and walk about the streets. The war crimes unit did not get a single person convicted, even after all the effort they put in, they found evidence but did not manage to get a single conviction. After looking at all the evidence I really dont think it is worth spending lots of time and effort and millions of pounds to find an old man who will probably be too ill and old to go through a court case, and even if they are fit to go through trial then they probably wont be convicted due to not enough evidence, or unreliable evidence.

Aggregate Demand And The Level Of Economic Activity Economics Essay

Aggregate Demand And The Level Of Economic Activity Economics Essay Introduction Collection of revenue and the use of government expenditure which affect the economy is termed as fiscal policy. Fiscal policy can be distinguished with the major sort of macroeconomic policy, monetary policy, which stabilizes the economy by controlling rate of interest and supply of money. Two major objectives of fiscal policy are taxation and expenditure of government Transforming in the level , composition of taxation and government expenditure can force on the following variables in an economy : Aggregate demand and the level of economic activity; The pattern of resource allocation; The distribution of income. Aggregate demand and the level of economic activity: At a given time the price level and the total demand for goods and services in an economy(Y) is called aggregate demand (AD) . [1]. It is the quantity of goods and services in an economy that will be obtained at all probable price levels.[2] When inventory levels are static the demand for the gross domestic product of an economy is termed as aggregate demand. It is also called effective demand although at other times this term is differentiated. It is often quoted that the aggregate demand curve is downward sloping as at lower price levels a larger amount is demanded. Components of Aggregate demand and the level of economic activity: An aggregate demand curve is the summation of individual demand curves for different sectors of the economy. The aggregate demand is generally expressed as a linear sum of four divisible demand sources.[3] where is consumption (may also be known as consumer spending) = ac + bc(Y à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ T), is Investment, is Government spending, is Net export, is total exports, and is total imports = am + bm(Y à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ T). The pattern of resource allocation: Resource allocation is generally used to allot the resource available in an economy in an economic way. How limited resources are allocated among producers, and how limited goods and services are distributed among consumers , this study takes into observation the accounting cost, economic cost, opportunity cost, and other costs of resources and goods and services. Allotment of resources is a vital idea in economics and is related with economic effectiveness and maximization of utility. The distribution of income: Amongst the population of a nation how the nations total economy is allocated is termed as income distribution. It has always been a major concern of economic policy and economic theory. The allocation of income between the vital factors of production, land, labor and capital are considered to express income distribution. Fiscal policy is a vital factor for the economic development of a country. In Bangladesh fiscal policy consists of activities, which the country carries out to attain and utilize resources to afford services while ensuring optimal efficiency of the economic units. This policy controls the behavior of economic forces throughout the public finance. The main factors to attain these goals are variation in public expenditure, variation in public revenue, and management of public debt. These are revealed in the financial planning operations of the government, set up and executed on year-on-year basis. Literature Review For the overall economic development of a country fiscal policy and its management exert greater influence on economic activity. To boost up an economic infrastructure many research and study have been done by economists and policymakers. In this section literature abounds on the effectiveness and importance of fiscal policy in developed and developing countries of the world. Developing countries are facing dual challenges while undertaking fiscal adjustment policies. One arises from the increasing demand for public expenditures for Infrastructure and social sector investment, and the other arises from the lack of capacity to raise revenue from domestic sources to finance the increased expenditure, primarily due to narrow tax base. To boost competitive capacity of the country in a rapidly globalizing world, the governments of developing countries have to invest a large portion of their revenue in building physical infrastructures. In addition, the low income developing countries also need to spend a major portion of their development expenditures in providing social services to the poor such as health, education etc. On the other hand, as Khattry (2003: 402) pointed out, the structural characteristics of low income countries, combined with prevalence of unsophisticated tax administration limit their ability to raise taxes from domestic sources, namely income and domestic indirect taxes. Also, the existence of a large informal sector and the underground economy constrains the governments capacity for revenue growth. Another source of fiscal problem arises with the process of trade liberalization that requires reduction of taxes on international trade together with the elimination of quantitative restrictions and other forms of trade barriers. Therefore countries have to resort to domestic sources to compensate the revenue loss emanating from trade liberalization. As the scope of domestic sources of revenue is limited due to the narrow tax base and structural constraints in the low income countries, this may lead to a vulnerable fiscal position. In principle, a well functioning VAT system on import combined with broad based low tariffs) can recoup some of the revenue loss due to the greater inflow of imports that eventually follows trade liberalization. National Strategy for Accelerated Poverty Reduction (NSAPR) of Bangladesh (2005) recognizes that, as government revenue is heavily dependent on trade taxes, and tariff liberalization typically results in tariff revenue loss, alternative sources of revenue must be ensured in order to prevent a sudden rise in budget deficit (which is already high). In order to recoup revenue losses due to tariff liberalization government is trying to increase revenue from direct taxes. It is also envisaged that indirect taxes such as VAT and supplementary duty are applied uniformly on both domestic production and imports, it would both reduce anti-export bias and increase government revenue by widening the tax-net (NSAPR, 2005, p.86). Trade liberalization may thus lead to a fiscal squeeze as a result of re duced revenue and simultaneous increase in expenditure. According to Khattry (2003) fiscal squeeze led some countries to reduce expenditure on physical capital, while that on social services (e.g. health and education) has been financed by acquiring additional debt. However, it has been empirically substantiated that government capital expenditure plays an important role in enhancing economic growth. Bose et al (2003) investigated a panel of thirty developing countries over the decades of 1970s and 1980s, and found that, the share of government capital expenditure in GDP is positively and significantly correlated with economic growth though current expenditure is insignificant. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the relationship between revenue and expenditure and its implication for managing the budget deficit. In order to do this a three variable model is formulated comprising government expenditure, revenue and GDP. Firstly, existence of a long-run relationship among these three variables is tested by using Johansen (1991, 1995) co integration approach. Granger causality test is applied on the corresponding vector error correction model to examine short-run causal relationship between the variables The goal of fiscal policy is to enhance economic growth and employment and to bring stability in economic outcome variables such as the real GDP growth rate. Under the above circumstances, the nature and objectives of fiscal policy may differ with the level of development of the countries. Long run outcome of expansionary fiscal policy depends on the nature of distribution of public resources as the same amount of public money can generate different growth pay-offs in different sectors, and the overall growth of the economy depends on the combined growth of these sectors When the government takes expansionary fiscal policy (expenditure surpassing revenue) either through increasing expenditure or reducing taxes or both, it has to borrow from internal and external sources to finance the deficit. The concept of deficit budget was popularized by Keynes and his followers -the principal argument is that government can boost up economic growth by increasing government expenditures in the short run. Again the government has to shrink its expenditures during the time of growth as excessive aggregate demand can generate inflation. In contrary to the above theory some economists argue that budget deficit negatively affects economic growth According to the advocates of the latter view, lowering budget deficit reduces interest rate thereby increasing investment, which in turn enhances economic growth The risk of expansionary fiscal policy is that, it leads to public debt growth, where it is envisaged that the growth of the economy will be significant enough in the subsequent periods so that the government will have a larger revenue base to finance its enhanced debt obligations. However, failure to generate enough economic growth may force the government into a deficit trap. Therefore the government has to borrow again to finance its deficit -this time may be in greater volume due to increase in the expenditure for repaying principal and interest of previous periods deb t even if the magnitude of public sector activities remains unaltered. There is also a risk that, government borrowing from domestic sources may crowd out private investment by raising the rate of interest. Constraining private investment in this fashion and expending the same amount of money in less productive sectors of the economy can negatively affect overall growth of the economy. As mentioned by Carneiro et al (2004, p.9), if economic agents are non Recording due to credit constraints and overlapping generation, public deficit can have a negative impact on growth as public deficits can hamper growth by competing with private physical capital for individual savings. Conversely, in developing countries public investment can be influential to crowd in private investment as shown by Binswanger et al (1993); infrastructure accessibility and the rural banks are crucial factors for increasing private investment in agriculture, which requires substantial government intervention in fac ilitating private investment. Given excess liquidity in the system (as it is the case in Bangladesh), in spite of significant public borrowing from the banking system over the last 4-6 months, private credit actually proceeded at its usual pace. This however need not be true all the time. Bangladeshs fiscal policy is closely linked to its monetary policy because public budget deficits are mainly financed by increases in money supply. Theoretically, expansionary fiscal policy would generate an increased supply of high-powered money in the face of frequent adjustment in the budget deficit and can provoke price spiral if there is no excess capacity in the economy (Friedman 1956; Friedman and Kuttner 1992). However, increasing government borrowing from central bank is seen as highly inflationary in the case of Bangladesh. But it should be noted that under the situation of chronic slow down of general demand (i.e. a general glut in the economy) higher public expenditure can create higher economic activity by protecting the falling trend in demand which is financed by increased public borrowing (Kiguel 1989). However, there is a general consensus among economists and policy-makers that regulating the growth of money stock is necessary to achieve a fairy stable price level a nd full employment of an economy (Sims 1972) Blanchard and Perotti (2002) use information about the elasticity of fiscal variables to identify the automatic response of fiscal policy, and find that expansionary fiscal shocks increase output, have a positive effect on private consumption, and a negative impact on private investment. More recently, using sign restrictions on the impulse-response functions and identifying the unexpected variation in government spending by a positive response of expenditure for up to four quarters after the shock, Mountford and Uhlig(2005) find a negative effect in residential and non-residential investment Similar studies applied to other countries are relatively scarce, largely due to the limited availability of quarterly public finance data, and, in addition, do not provide a consensual view. Perotti (2004) investigates the effects of fiscal policy in Australia Canada, Germany and the U.K., and finds a relatively large positive effect on private consumption and no response of private investment. Biau and Girard (2005) find a cumulative multiplier of government spending larger than one, and positive reactions of private consumption and private investment in France. De Castro and Hernà ¡ndez de Cos2006) use data for Spain and show that, while there is a positive relationship between government expenditure and output in the short-term, in the medium and long-term expansionary spending shocks only lead to higher inflation and lower output. Heppke- Falk et al. (2006) use cash data for Germany, and find that a positive shock in government spending increases output and private consumption, although the effect is relatively small. Giordano et al. (2007) show that, in Italy, government expenditure has positive and persistent effects on output and on private consumption. Analysis The Peoples Republic of Bangladesh, state of southern Asia, in the northeastern portion of the Indian subcontinent, edged on the north, east and west by India, on the southeast by Burma (Myanmar), and on the south by the Bay of Bengal. The total area of the country is 147,570 sq km with a population of 126 million. It lies roughly between 20 °34 and 26 °36 North latitude and between 88 °01 and 92 °41 east longitude. The capital and leading city of Bangladesh is Dhaka. The economy of Bangladesh is comprised by that of a developing country. Its per capita income in 2008 was est. US$1,500 (adjusted by purchasing power parity) significantly lower than India, Pakistan, both which are also lesser than the world average of $10,497. According to the gradation by the International Monetary Fund, Bangladesh ranked as the 48th largest economy in the world in 2008, with a gross domestic product of US$224.889 billion. The economy has grown at the rate of 6-7% p.a. over the past few years. More than half of the GDP belongs to the service sector; nearly half of Bangladeshis are employed in the agriculture sector, with RMG, fish, vegetables, leather and leather goods, ceramics, rice as other essential produce. The aim of the governments fiscal management is striking a weighing balance between government revenue and expenditure. One more foremost goal is to uphold shortage in the existing budget as much as reasonable for advanced investment in the public division. As a result of cautious fiscal policy and strengthening of fiscal management, overall fiscal deficiency through the current decade remained unchanged. To formulate and execute sound fiscal policy is one of the most significant functions of the government. It puts importance on sustaining macroeconomic constancy through balancing public expenditure management. There is no substitute to sound fiscal management in overall economic governance as a fair public income and expenditure management that assures private sector institutions and individuals a steady macroeconomic background. The vital source of government revenue is tax. Public revenue mainly consists of direct and indirect taxes which accounted for more than 80 percent of total government revenue. The government collects the rest of the public revenue from different non-tax collection such as fee, charge, toll etc. The level of revenue assortment is a vital indicator to establish the step of economic development of a country. The economy of a country becomes more stable if it collects large amount of revenue. In this section we are going to analyze the fiscal condition of Bangladesh during the time period from FY-1991 to FY-2008.During these years Prudent fiscal management emerged as a most important challenge facing the country. The Governments revenue mobilization efforts developed remarkably in the early 1990s following the launch of some major fiscal reforms, mainly introduction of the value-added tax (VAT) in 1991.The VAT provided greater coverage and raised rates than the taxes that it restored (mostly excise duty). The revenue tax to GDP ratio rose from 5.9 percent in FY1991 to 7.3 percent in FY1993, but since then, the proportion has remained steady at about 7 percent. A stagnant tax to GDP ratio reveals lack of improvement in broadening the tax net and in improving the tax management system; in brief, the effectiveness of tax assortment remains fragile and futile. Specifically, the Government has failed to widen the coverage of direct taxes, broaden VAT coverage to high-revenue-y ielding trades and services, develop the implementation of import taxes, and bolster tax government. Conversely, nontax revenues are relatively small (a bit less than 2 percent of GDP), and they also festered over much of the 1990s. As consequence, since FY1993, the entire revenue to GDP ratio has altered around 9 percent, making revenue collection of Bangladesh effort one of the weakest in the global economy. In spite of unsatisfactory revenue collection efforts for much of the 1990s, the Government was capable to uphold the fiscal shortage within 4-5 percent of GDP by keeping spending under control. Government expenditure, both current and capital increased rapidly. Therefore, the fiscal scarcity went up to indefensible levels. With declining alternatives to foreign funding of the deficit, the Government had been compelled to finance the shortfall from domestic sources -from banking sector and domestic borrowing. The ensuing monetary adjustment seriously damaged macroeconomic stability. Table 4 : Selected Fiscal Indicators (Percent of Gross Domestic Product) Because of drop of the revenue to GDP ratio to 9 percent in FY1998-99 from 9.3 percent in FY1997-98, caused by flood-induced disruptions, the Government attempted to reverse the declining trend and projected revenue to GDP ratio of 10 percent in the FY1999-00 budget. In spite of establishing a verified revenue mobilization object, no major efforts were made to apply vital fiscal reforms, reduce the tax structure, strengthen tax management, and extend the tax foundation. Moreover, the hindrance in introducing the reshipment assessment scheme, and slothful growth in imports also added to revenue shortfall. Customs duties collection declined by 10 percent in FY1999-00 compared with FY1998-99, and the share of customs duties in National Board of Revenue portion of taxes declined to 28 percent from 32 percent. Nontax revenue collection was also less than projected due mainly to reduced profit and dividend earnings of state-owned enterprises (SOEs). In FY1999-00, losses of nonfinancial SOE s were estimated at Tk31 billion, or 1.3 percent of GDP. Therefore, actual revenue mobilization in FY1999-00 rotated to be considerably below budget projections, at 8.9 percent of GDP. Government expenditure increased to 13.8 percent of GDP in FY1999-00 from 13.3 percent in FY1998-99, because of a rush in the outlay resulting from flood-induced expenditure, particularly the requirement for extra imports of food grains and post flood rehabilitation outlays. The tendency prolonged in FY1999-00 with overall expenses rising to 15 percent of GDP. Though the Government was capable to Keep up current spending at 7.6 percent of GDP (the same percentage as in the previous year), spending under the annual development program (ADP) went up to 6.7 percent of GDP from5.6 percent in FY1998-99. In the FY1999-00 budget, the Governments aim was to reduce expenses to 7.4 percent of GDP. It was a determined aim in view of the coming general election (scheduled for October 2001) when the pressures on t he Government to accommodate increased expenditure is bound to be considerable. Allocation for the ADP in the FY2000-01 budget was 6.5 percent of GDP, 50 percent of which was expected to be financed from domestic resources, and 40 percent of the domestic funding of the ADP would be from bank borrowing. The choice to fund a superior development budget with substantial borrowing from banks had risks to sustain macroeconomic constancy. While 34 percent of the ADP funds have been allocated to sectors that address poverty directly, about 33 percent had been assigned to infrastructure development comprising energy, transport, and communication. Not all ADP projects could be justified on grounds of accelerating the pace of development; several projects had questionable merit. What was more worrying was that some low -priority projects were being financed by high-cost foreign suppliers credits. In FY 1999-00, revenue/GDP ratio was 8.47 percent, which step by step went up to 10.79 percent in FY2005-06. In FY 2007-08 the revenue/GDP more went up to 11.17 percent and the g rowing trend of revenue-GDP ratio further increased to 11.24 percent in FY2008-09. Table 4.1 illustrates tax and non-tax revenue receipts and tax-GDP ratio within the period from FY1999-00 to FY2008-09. From the beginning of the FY2008-09 the revenue objectives of fiscal year came under challenge because of the impact of worldwide financial crisis. The international economy plunged into collapse mainly for noxious credit crisis in the US financial organizations and gigantic falls in prices of commodities like fuel, fertilizer etc. This price drop caused poorer collection of import duties which is the largest source of revenue although the price of commodities favored reduction of high inflation condition. The assortment of import duty in FY 2008-09 fell diminutive of the goals as the import duty is established on the basis of prices of the imported commodities. Study of revenue collection activities for FY2008-09 by categories illustrates that the volume of revenue collection attains from value added tax (VAT).Income tax takes up the second position in the row. Next places are held by import duties, complementary duty, additional taxes and excise duty. On the whole, the part of VAT in the entire revenue collection is progressively increasing. It can be states that, income tax occupies second place above import duties for the second consecutive time. In FY 2008-09, though the entire revenue collection by NBR source fell diminutive of the goals but overall revenue collection stood at TK. 52525.61 crore, which is TK. 5236.49 crore higher than the assortment of the previous fiscal year showing an 11.07 percent increase. In FY 2007-08, total revenue collection placed at TK. 47289.12 crore, which was Tk. 10,069.8 crore or27.06 percent higher than the assortment of the previous year. In FY 2006-07, the total revenue collection under NBR amounted to Tk. 37219.32 crore which was Tk. 3,216.89 crore or 9.46 percent higher than that of the previous year. Item-wise tax collection from FY2006-07 to FY2008-09 is shown in Table 4.2. Management of public expenditure is the most vital part for the fiscal management of the government. The major aims of fiscal management are to uphold social safety net activities, inspire expenditure in productive level, practice austerity in public expenditure and controls over unproductive expenses. Reducing poverty through improving the standards of living of the generals, building physical infrastructure and developing human resources are the key features of large public outlays in every year. Total public expenditure, development expenditure and expenditure/GDP ratio for FY 2008-09 and during the last decade are shown in Table 4.3. Investigation of entire non-development expenditure illustrates that in FY 2003-04, expenditure on pay and allowances was 27.4 percent of total non-development expenses. In FY 2004-05 and FY 2005-06 these percentage decreased to 25.3 and 27.6 respectively, but went up to 28.5 percent in FY 2006-07 and again decreased to 23.6 percent in FY 2008-09. In FY 2003-04, the spending on subsidy and current transfer accounted for 28.4 percent of entire non-development expenses. In FY 2004-05, FY 2005-06, FY 2006-07 and FY 2008-09 the spending on subsidy and current transfer accounted for 30.1, 29.1, 31.4 and 40.5 percent of entire non-development expenses correspondingly. In FY 2004-05, FY 2005-06, FY2006-07 and FY 2008-09 the shares of interest payments on foreign and domestic credits in total non-development cost were 18.8, 19.8, 20.2 and 20.8 percent respectively. The average genuine cost against the adjusted allotment of ADP was around 90 percent during the time from 1999-00 to 2005-06 (Table 4.4). In FY2006-07 and FY 2007-08, the utilization of ADP is about 83 and 82 percent correspondingly. In FY 2008-09 the short-term expenditure records 85.7 percent utilization of revised allotment. The growing tendency of distribution and expenditure in socio-economic and physical infrastructure segments all the way through ADP is constant with the twin objectives of the government- attaining higher growth and diminishing poverty. ADP expenditure and its composition by key sectors are shown in Table 4.5. Budget is organized in line with the national plans and policies taken up for economic development, poverty diminution and social growth. There arises a budget shortage occurring from a space between the government revenue and expenditure, where expenditure becomes more important than the revenue income. The succeeding governments are taking policies to control resources and shifts earnings at an increased rate to the poor people of the country since over 40 percent of population live beneath poverty line. Though, this enhances budget shortage little further, but it generates purchasing power of a vast population that finally propel growth by escalating aggregate demand. It also facilitates a huge portion of the population to keep minimum livelihood. The tendency of budget shortage in Bangladesh obviously shows that shortage remains under 5 percent of GDP except for those years when there were natural catastrophies. Table 4.6 below represents data on budget shortage and the form of i ts financing throughout the time period from FY1999-00 to FY2008-09. At present the debit obligation of the government is at a reasonable stage. Financing throughout grant and credit from outer sources is progressively tightening because of shifting in the policies of contributors. This, prompted the government to take a variety of restructuring initiatives and to adopt inspirational measures to mobilize resources from domestic sources together with from external sources. In principle, the government has a preferences on concessional foreign borrowing to domestic borrowing due to the poorer outlays of foreign borrowing and longer reimbursement time period. Findings Bangladesh is a third worlds developing country. At present it is going through a financial crisis. To analyze any countrys financial condition the key factor is to investigate its fiscal policy and management as fiscal policy has a great impact on the countrys development procedure. In our term paper we have discussed the fiscal condition of Bangladesh in brief. Financing of regular insufficiency, generally undertaken through borrowings from abroad, from Bangladesh Bank, and from scheduled banks, has become a central characteristic of the fiscal policy of the country. Opportunity of borrowing from the public by the government for financing budget deficiency is very limited in the country as investments capability of the people is very low. Therefore, the opportunity of non-inflationary financing of budget shortfall does not exist here. Availability of foreign borrowing depends on the international liquidity situation and the prevailing circumstances in the international capital market, which is always uncertain and unpredictable for a country like Bangladesh. Here, some major key findings which has a great influence on Bangladeshi economy that we noted out from the analysis section are added : # Introduction of Value Added Tax (VAT) in early 1990s is one of the key fiscal reforms to develop a effective fiscal administration. # The revenue tax to GDP ratio rose from 5.9 percent in FY1991 to 7.3 percent in FY1993 # Because of drop of the revenue to GDP ratio to 9 percent in FY1998-99 from 9.3 percent in FY1997-98, caused by flood-induced disruptions, the Government attempted to reverse the declining trend and projected revenue to GDP ratio of 10 percent in the FY1999-00 budget # Customs duties collection declined by 10 percent in FY1999-00 compared with FY1998-99, and the share of customs duties in National Board of Revenue portion of taxes declined to 28 percent from 32 percent # In FY1999-00, losses of nonfinancial SOEs were estimated at Tk31 billion, or 1.3 percent of GDP. Therefore, actual revenue mobilization in FY1999-00 rotated to be considerably below budget projections, at 8.9 percent of GDP # In FY1998-99 there had a rush in the outlay resulting from flood-induced expenditure, particularly the requirement for extra imports of food grains and post flood rehabilitation expenses # In the FY1999-00 budget, the Governments aim was to reduce expenses to 7.4 percent of GDP. It was a determined aim in view of the coming general election (scheduled for October 2001) when the pressures on the Government to accommodate increased expenditure is bound to be considerable. # In FY 1999-00revenue/GDP ratio was 8.47 percent, which step by step went up to 10.79 percent in FY2005-06. In FY 2007-08 the revenue/GDP more went up to 11.17 percent and the growing trend of revenue-GDP ratio further increased to 11.24 percent in FY2008-09. # From the beginning of the FY2008-09 the revenue objectives of fiscal year came under challenge because of the impact of worldwide financial crisis. # In FY 2008-09, though the entire revenue collection by NBR source fell diminutive of the goals but overall revenue collection stood at TK. 52525.61 crore, which is TK. 5236.49 crore higher than the assortment of the previous fiscal year showing an 11.07 percent increase. In FY 2007-08, total revenue collection placed at TK. 47289.12 crore, which was Tk. 10,069.8 crore or27.06 percent higher than the assortment of the previous year. In FY 2006-07, the total revenue collection under NBR amounted to Tk. 37219.32 crore which was Tk. 3,216.89 crore or 9.46 percent higher than that of the previous year. Item-wise tax collection from FY2006-07 to FY2008-09 # The average genuine cost against the adjusted allotment of ADP was around 90 percent during the time from 1999-00 to 2005-06. In FY2006-07 and FY 2007-08, the utilization of ADP is about 83 and 82 percent correspondingly. In FY 2008-09 the short-term expenditure records 85.7 percent utilization of revised allotment. # The tendency of budget shortage in Bangladesh obviously shows that shortage remains under 5 percent of GDP except for those years when there were natural catastrophes. The findings